Jupiter Hammon (October 17, 1711 – c. 1806) was an American poet and preacher, regarded as a pioneer of African American literature. In 1761, he became the first Black writer published in North America with his poem An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries.
Born into slavery on Long Island, Hammon was owned by the Lloyd family, who allowed him an education through the Anglican Church. His literacy enabled him to serve as a clerk, and he later used his religious faith to critique slavery subtly in his writings.
Hammon’s poetry often reflected Christian themes, urging moral integrity among enslaved people. In 1786, at age 76, he delivered An Address to Negroes in the State of New York, where he expressed hope for gradual emancipation. His work gained recognition among abolitionists, including Quaker groups, who published and circulated his writings.
Though few details of his personal life are known, his literary contributions remain significant. His blend of religious devotion and social commentary laid the groundwork for future Black writers. Scholars believe he passed away around 1806, leaving a legacy as one of the earliest African American literary voices.