James Russell Lowell (22 February 1819 – 12 August 1891) was an American Romantic poet, critic, editor, and diplomat. A leading figure among the Fireside Poets, he was known for using conventional poetic forms while addressing social and political issues. His works, including A Fable for Critics (1848) and The Biglow Papers (1848), showcased his wit and satire.
Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Lowell graduated from Harvard in 1838. Initially pursuing law, he shifted to literature, publishing his first poetry collection in 1841. Influenced by his wife, abolitionist Maria White, he became active in the anti-slavery movement, editing an abolitionist newspaper in Philadelphia. His satirical poetry, particularly The Biglow Papers, condemned the Mexican-American War and slavery.
Following Maria's death in 1853, Lowell accepted a professorship at Harvard, teaching literature and languages for 20 years. He also became editor of The Atlantic Monthly and later North American Review. In 1877, he was appointed U.S. Minister to Spain and later to the United Kingdom, strengthening cultural ties between nations.
Lowell spent his final years in Cambridge, writing essays and poetry. Despite evolving political views, his impact on American literature and social reform remains significant. He died in 1891, leaving behind a legacy of poetry, criticism, and advocacy.