Baruch Spinoza (1632 – 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish descent whose ideas on reason, religion, and democracy shaped Enlightenment thought. He challenged religious dogma and introduced a rationalist view of reality.
Born in Amsterdam, he studied Jewish theology but was excommunicated in 1656 for his unorthodox beliefs. He argued that God and nature were one, rejecting traditional religious interpretations. His masterpiece, Ethics, presented a logical system of philosophy that influenced Western thought.
Spinoza earned a living as a lens grinder while engaging with leading intellectuals. His Theological-Political Treatise (1670) promoted democracy and free expression. Though controversial, his ideas profoundly shaped modern philosophy. He died in 1677, leaving a legacy that continues to inspire.